World War II and the Holocaust Essay Example for Free

World War II and the Holocaust Essay History would attest that Adolf Hitler is arguably the most influential figure of modern history. Although his persona is filled with notoriety and his legacy is mixed with greatness and disgust, he remains to be an undeniable impetus for the shaping of the world that we know today. He had his dreams of eternal glory, yet his he ended in perpetual shame. The man that has sent the entire globe into a war that brought the world into seven years of hell would always be Hitler. He has enticed an entire nation through his oratory and his speeches and has renewed the human understanding of human atrocity and racial genocide. He has shaped most of the modern day political and international landscape, in terms of foreign policy, racial discrimination, and Zionism. The world that we know today is mainly a product of the scientific advances brought by the demands of the Second World War, the organized extermination of races, and the heroic actions of those who did not allow for evil to prevail (Bullock, 3-12). Having Alois Hitler and Klara Hitler as parents, Adolf was born on the 20th of April in the year 1889 in a small town in Austria called Branau. His early life was filled with poverty and hardships. He became a lowly painter, a military corporal, and even a peddler with a flophouse for shelter. This was a time when he harboured his deep hatred for the Jewish race. This racial dissent has made him infamous for materializing his ruthless intentions of planning an organized mechanism on the elimination of Jews in his entire sphere of influence, and eventually, the world (Bullock 3). Hitler has left an inedible imprint in the European History and even the Worlds Modern History. Despite the fact that Hitler has never been previously engaged in any government position, he became Germanys chancellor and rose to power at the age of 43 in the year 1933. He did not possess formal education on any kind of foreign language and neither did he read intensively nor travelled extensively. Despite this, he managed to create a set of ideas that concern issues regarding foreign policy that were incorporated with his perceptions towards local and domestic affairs (Weinberg 30). Hitler’s rise to power and his capacity for evil are both astonishing. Everything about him was not extraordinary. He had a poor physique and an unimpressive appearance. Even in his execution of salutations was regarded sloppy. He was an Austrian citizen by birth, not German, which should have made the German people regard him as inferior. He was not scholastically impressive and neither did his artistic aspirations flourish. Such an existence laid the seeds of his intolerance, and his hatred of Jews and the prosperous middle classes. He was basically a failure and he only sought comfort through his withdrawal into the surreal world of fanaticism (Warner 9). On the death of Hindenburg in August of 1934, Hitler became both President and Chancellor of Germany. This allowed him to gain full command of the country’s armed forces. This is very crucial in his plans towards another world war. Every serving officer and man now took an oath of allegiance to Hitler personally. Their loyalties no longer lie in the country alone, but to Hitler himself. They vowed to adore and worship their leader and to fight and die protecting him. When, later his actions demonstrated his lack of enough sanity, but their act of pledging their allegiance to Hitler kept them from resorting to actions that would depose Hitler. This is a tremendous factor in enabling the army to fight to their death, long after the war was lost, and Germany had been invaded and overrun. Officers and men had sworn an oath to Hitler as long as they live and would never cease to follow his order and fight for him (Warner 14). A tremendous part of the impact that Hitler had towards Germany, and therefore the world, is primarily due to his strong will and how it affected the German public. He was remarkably successful in impressing his concepts and his ideas on the events that transpired instead of simply allowing these events to alter his own ideas and perception. The realities of those times were not exactly in conformation to Hitlers own, and they have proven stronger than Hitlers fanatic will and intense energies. But the explosive events during the decade of the 1930’s were not a pure random coincidence. These were manipulated by the opportunist Adolf Hitler. This allowed Hitler to corrupt the German public to his Nazi ideologies that primarily concerned the indoctrination of racism, which provided a basis for Germanys hope to arise from her defeat from the previous world war. Germany was did not meet defeat due to inherent weakness, but due to her resilience to continue fighting for long periods with the world as her enemy. This is a deep reflection of the natural racial superiority among the Aryans (Weinberg 30-32). When he formulated his foreign policy, his concepts can be summarized into this statement: The German people were not defeated during the First World War, the Jewish people and their supporters instead stabbed Germany in the back. This racialist doctrine was very significant as it included a very crucial teaching; it rejected the biblical concept that man is separate from other creatures. This novel form of pagan belief implicated that there should be purity of race which can be achieved through breeding selectively. Through this, he exploited Darwinian concepts and took advantage on the then popular belief of the need for racial hegemony. This preached that such breeding method is essential for progress, to which Germanys foreign policy must be directed to. Eliminating the categorization of people could only be judged through standards of utility instead of morality. This is the basis of the perception that the allegedly alien racial stock, which primarily pertains to the Jews, the Sinti and the Roma, was a danger to the society due to their extensive dispersion and tremendous influence and to the expanse of the progress which their assimilation had made, most especially in terms of the German society. The nightmare of the massacre of approximately six million Jews and five millions others composed of Gypsies, freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals and other enemies of the state shook the world and have redefined the extent of human artistic cruelty (Weinberg 32-33). Hitler, as the leader of the Third Reich, was responsible for the outbreak of World War II. Had he not decided to materialize his plans of expanding the territories of Germany for the purpose of lebensraum, or providing space for the racially superior German people and take those lands that belong to racially inferior people, the world would not have met years of infamy and destruction. But this is just one of the reasons. The main objective of Nazi Germany was to dominate the world and to establish an Empire, comparative to that of the Romans, which would last for an entire Millennium (Bullock 625). Hitler promised the people of Germany to become all powerful, that there was a new hope for the German public that the dynamism of National Socialism could be harnessed to their own limited goals. Hitler was a very promising leader who could lead Germany back to strength. Although many opposed his rise to power, as they have recognized clearly the implications of his policies, especially in the field of foreign affairs, he overcame his critics. Before 1933, the millions who pushed Hitler forward and the small clique who installed him in office, by no means constituted the whole population. But there were vast reservoirs of support for the new leader to draw on, and for many years the support only grew stronger instead of waning. The national acceptance of the leadership principle implied the unconditional surrender of the country to the will of a leader who had explained for years what he would do with power when he secured it. Hitler fulfilled his intentions of the wars favoured by his supporters and has been much loyal to the ideologies he preached until the hour of his demise (Weinberg 53). Part of his â€Å"Final Solution to the Jewish Question,† Hitler tasked General Heydrich to meet with other German officials, political and military, in order to set guidelines as how to systematically exterminate the Jews. This is known as the Wannsee Conference. Through this, Hitler ordered the construction of concentration, labour, and extermination camps all over Europe. This is where the Schutzchaffel, the Gestapo, and the Eizantzgruppen disposed the Jews and forced them to be interned into unimaginable living conditions. The most notorious of the camps built during the Nazi occupation of Europe was the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp in Poland. It is the largest of its kind and is most known that once a prisoner enters it, he can never get out alive. This camp did not only send the Jews and other prisoners to their deaths through the gas chambers and intense labour, it experimented on the people in the camps for development of medical treatment. Dr. Mengeles exceptional interests on twins were highly evident as when the camp was liberated, most children that survived the holocaust were identical, physically and genetically. Dwarfs examinations and skeletal scrutiny were also some of the primary subjects of the studies done in these camps. Other forms of experiment included subjects into Siamese twins and even inseminating women with animal sperms. Other relevant experiments concerning warfare included high altitude tolerance, low temperature, and salinity tolerance. These are highly useful for the Lufwaffe, or the German Air Force. For matters concerning first aid, biological warfare, and even immunization, physicians in the camp deliberately injected diseases, exposed prisoners to surgical procedures never tested, and even experimented on wounds usually acquired in battle (Medical Experimentation). Such efforts made by Hitler are very significant in the modern world. It necessitated the world to discover new ways to fight a war, to seek better medical alternatives, and even inventing technologically advance devices. More powerful forms of armaments, tanks, and even aircrafts were primarily developed during the war era. The most notable among them is the dawn of a nuclear era with the race for the invention of the atomic bomb. Today, governments ensure that discrimination is an illegal act, that it would impose sanctions to those who would profile people for their cultural, religious, and even gender orientation. But most of all, because of the holocaust, the Western governments had strengthened their support for the Jews which have led to the establishment of an Israeli state within Palestine. This success of Zionism has impacted the contemporary political situation in West Asia, as this led to years of war between Israeli citizens and their neighbouring Arab nations. Although to other perspectives see that Zionism is providing a people without land with land without people, they cannot deny that it is already occupied by Palestinians who are now evicted from the land of their ancestors (Weinberg 319; Palumbo, Land without a People). The niche of Adolf Hitler in history is quite established and his reputation can possibly be never redeemed. He has waged a war against the world, with Mussolini as his only fully fledged ally, and has in turn sent over 50 million people to their deaths. Hitlers legacy is regarded no longer with admiration and glorification, as his name and the party he had built had become a synonym to the word evil. His doctrines and his actions are now condemned for posterity to remember and never forgive. Although some still hail his name and favour his advocacies and ideologies while other still despise the person that he was, it cannot be denied that he is pivotal for the events that transpired during the mid twentieth century. His role is that he is the driving force, the cause, and the perpetrator of the crimes against humanity that the world has never known (Weinberg 287-290; Adolf Hitler).

Domestic Waste Disposal Pollution

Domestic Waste Disposal Pollution Summary Domestic waste disposal is an action that should be taken with a lot of concern so that it can lead to the reduction of pollution and high income that has to be spending in dealing with the effects that are caused by this waste. It is therefore important for a country to come up with policies that will lead to reduction of waste disposal in the country. This will be through training people on how to go about the disposal of waste and effects that are caused by poor disposal of waste in open places. This will mean that what a country will have to do is to come up with strategies that will be affordable by also that they can be able to curb this problem of waste disposable. Most countries are not able to get in conduct with policies and strategies that are important and what they have to do is to ensure that they reduce the effects if the strategies are expensive to them. Introduction There are many wastes that pollute the environment most of these wastes are like human wastes that are drained into lakes and other water sources meaning that such wastes lead to pollution of that place where they are disposed. This is mean that high effects will be to the organisms that live in water and other places where people have to drain their waste. Threw are also other waste that result from chemicals that are used by human beings like pesticides that are very harmful when disposed to the open environment this will mean that what they are supposed to do is to take the right action that will lead to right disposal of waste so that they can reduce the effects that are caused by these wastes. There is a waste management outline strategy which is a short term strategy where by it considers waste collection practices that are both traditional and source segregation. In this strategy there are two basic types of collection systems that can be used and they include: bring schemes w hich are the act that public is supposed to bring materials to a designated site for sorting and dispatch for reuse. This is important as it ensure that the public has to come up with right directions so that they can ensure the right disposal is followed. The other method is kerbside schemes where materials are collected by the council from house hold. This will mean that what they have to do is to inform the families the time when they will be coming for this waste so that they can have the collection made at one place. (Daniel, 2003, pp, 67) This scheme has got advantages where there are greater recovery rates for dry recyclates and has additional benefits in promoting public participation in councils waste management operations which will mean that the public will be aware that council will be in need of the right disposal been carried out so that they can reduce the problems that are expected to rise from poor disposal of waste. The council should keep these people informed in that they should know the time when the council will come for waste so that they can be ready to invite the waste items like newspapers and magazines, cans, tins and plastics that have to be recycled. The blue bins are emptied by the same collection vehicle on the same collection day but during the alternative times the grey domestic bins are used this will mean that they will lower the collection costs that are related to waste collection. With the success of pilot scheme the council decided to expand it out across the local authority where they have assistance of collecting this waste. The collection service is a independent and in addition to councils cleansing services weekly refuse collection of domestic waste there has been the BTCV which has been carrying out similar collection schemes so that they can help to keep the environment free from waste disposal. There is the north Lanark shire council which will access the various methodologies that are followed so that they can make the right changes that will lead to the right collection been followed. This will mean that this council made not on the two schemes so that they can know whether these two schemes worked together or they are mutually exclusive and the collection that is made should involve a combination of several methods. Although kerbside has proved to be successful there is a clear evidence that there is additional systems and procedures that are required so that the right implementation can be carried out to make the right changes that will lead to more r ecyclable waste materials that have to breaking within the domestic waste stream. This will mean that the implementation that will be done will lead to more recycles that will be required to reduce the wastes that have been accumulating in the places that are not accepted. (David, 2000, pp, 89) The blue bin scheme isolates materials such as newspaper and magazines, cardboards, tins and plastics for recycling while the BTCV scheme has the target to beverage cans, textiles and glass. This will mean that each scheme is responsible for carrying out its work that is set for it so that they can have waste been reduced in all the places in a country. With other waste streams then it means that a country will not have this waste been a danger to it but what they will do is to make changes that will lead to further recycle of waste. There are percentages that are related to house hold waste where a country has got to do something so that they can reduce these waste. This will mean that there will be need for other changes to be taken so that changes can be made to dispose this waste. Figure 1 was retrieved on April 25, 2008 The north Lanark shire will require investigations to be done so that they can be able to isolate waste. This will mean that the blue bin scheme that does not segregate glass and can be expanded will be changed so that it can cover this waste that is to be isolated. The alternative to isolate the waste will be at source which will be to continue wit the traditional refuse collection service rather than the land filling of waste. This waste will be transported to materials recovery facility where they are inspected and recyclable material retrieved. (Bonnie, 1998, pp, 78) This will mean that there is need for the council to have partnership with levenseat recycling so as to try this method. The waste will be delivered to levenseat facility where materials will be extracted for recycling. From the report that was taken from the levenseat facility about 36% of household waste could be recycled. This meant that the option that was made for expansion was effective and the need to have infrastructure been put in place so that they can have easy transport of the waste. This will be to have council or be by private contract that will mean that they will have the waste within the time that is required. But this method has got disadvantage in that it does not induce public to take responsibility to waste as in the case of segregation. Both systems have to be implemented so that they can bring about methods that will lead to have domestic water stream been diverted from land fill. (Bonnie, 1998, pp, 56) In the recycling of plastics there are complication issues this is because the plastics are not all recyclable, there are different types of plastics that have different properties meaning that there is need to have separation which is time consuming, there is economics of recycling that is not favorable meaning that the market will be affected regularly. The recycling will lag behind due to the fact that many European countries, lack subsidy which will indicate that it will not be possible to have changes that will lead to success in recycling. This will mean that it will be expensive to undertake this task of recycling of plastics. The reasons that lead to segregation of plastics include: there is necessity to have separation of different polymer types so that their different properties can be taken into account during the time for reprocessing. There is need to have thermosetting plastics so that they can be heated and reshaped into different objects that are required. There are different segregation approaches that can be followed so that plastics can be recycled which include post industrial segregation where the collection of plastics before they enter the municipal solid waste stream. In this approach then plastic waste is usually collected as only one type or more and they are clean and economically attractive for recycling to be done. (Ben, 1999, pp35) There is the post consumer segregation where collection of plastics is done after they have entered the municipal solid waste steam. These plastics which have mixed polymer type and very contaminated require additional steps so that they can be cleaned and separated meaning this approach very expensive. This will mean that what they require is the automatic sorting as it is faster and more efficient. There is the processing where after sorting has been done what follows is the bailing machines that compact bottles and the bales are later transported to a reprocessing factory. In this factory the bales are broken and bottles are cut into granules where the granules are washed and dried then passed through the metal detector to remove ferrous contaminants and they are finally passed through a dedusting unit, which removes the lighter particles and they are packaged and ready to be used by re manufacturers. This has proved to be the only way the could be used for recycling of plastic. B ut the government has been in need of a waste strategy that will be bale to meet the target that for waste recycling and recovery. The targeted are based on collections rather than the actual recycling that has to be done through commercial or industrial; processing. This will imply that there is need to have changes made so that they can know where to begin and the government has appreciated the need to develop markets so that they can pull materials from waste stream which is in need of high income so that they can fund the action that is concerned with this recycling. The waste resource action program that has to be achieved should be able to create markets that are for recycling of materials. (Ben, 1999, pp, 45) The north east MSW best practical environmental option This plan is important because it sets the strategic targets that have to be followed in domestic waste disposal. This plan has details of the ability of local authority to achieve the proportion of the BPEO for north east. In working with other organization there has been methods that have been used so that there can be waste prevention. This implies that the waste strategy groups have been in work so that they can come up with the right methods that will lead to waste prevention. This has been important in that they have tried to encourage local people to have their own waste prevention plan which will mean that they will be in need of tools and techniques that will lead to right waste prevention. There is need for national recommendations to policy makers and others on instruments that will lead to success in preventing waste. (Alex, 1990, pp, 26) There is need to reuse and refurbish waste in that the required activities that are responsible for this action should be taken so that they can lead to provision of employment and produce goods which would be used . There is need top have significant increase in the quantities of materials and forward them to re processors for recycling. This increase should be made to segregated kerbside collections of paper, plastic, textiles and other materials that arte required. This will lead to reduction in the dangers that are caused by poor disposal; of waste and at the same time they will earn a country income as the recycled products are sold and bring income to these people. This means that it is important to have domestic waste disposal and segregation so that people can earn income that will change their way of survival where at the same time it will be a benefit to a country in terms of income that is gained from the recycled products. This means that it is important to have segregati on so that a country can experience changes that will lead to changes in living standards of people at the same time they make the public aware of what they are supposed to undertake. (Alex, 1990, pp, 23) Conclusion Waste disposal and segregation is very important because it leads to changes that are important to a country. This will mean that they are supposed to know how to go about waste products that are disposed and they should be important so that they can be recycled and lead to change in status of people. The waste strategy groups are supposed to do their work so that they provide the waste prevention measures and other important things that are required. Reference: Alex, P, 1990, how to disposal waste. Journal of popular culture, 36 Ben, Y, 1999, government responsibility on waste segregation. Government publishers. Bonnie, H, 1998, disposal of waste and their effects. Biocycle, 16 David, M, 2000, right strategies for waste disposal in UK. Biosecurity, 9 Daniel, H, 2003, importance of segregation of waste to a country. Journal of recycling, 34

Globalization Economy Nicaraguan

Globalization Economy Nicaraguan Globalization has had a great impact in the modern world, and has even come to affect the economy of several Latin American countries. However, has globalization affected the Nicaraguan Economical panorama? In order to answer this question, it is important to take Nicaraguas history into account, a history that has been smeared with endless corruption. Another idea that must be kept in mind is the term â€Å"globalization† has numerous amounts of definitions, so in order to identify the answer; a proper definition must be structured. Within the context of globalization, it is trivial to identify if the key treaties like the ALBA and the CAFTA have had any significant effect on the Nicaraguan economy. Through a careful evaluation, it will be noticed that Globalization has not had an impact in the Nicaraguan Economy yet; however the roots of globalization can already be traced to the economy. One of the limitations found in this research paper was the gathering of different sources from the rural sectors of the country, as the rural perspective of this essay is of much importance to define if globalization has affected Nicaragua or not. Introduction Globalization has started to influence the Nicaraguan economic scheme from the beginning of the 21st century. The Nicaraguan population should ask themselves if globalization would aid the economic stance they are in. Another question that must be asked is if the new trade agreements will benefit or harm the private sector of the rural Nicaraguan farmers. The last question to be answer is, â€Å"Globalization from what side?† as the American Hemisphere seems to be structured with a strong Capitalist giant on the top, The United States of America, and numerous amounts of underdeveloped Socialist countries, which can be said to be most of South America, consisting of Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Bolivia, Uruguay all have socio-democratic governments, that exercise populist tendencies. Another point that should be kept in mind is the choice between the ALBA and the CAFTA, as the socio-democratic alignment that Nicaragua currently has should be kept in mind. Both treaties should be considered in the â€Å"global† sense as there are currently four enlisted countries in the ALBA agreement, which are Venezuela, Cuba, Nicaragua, Bolivia and Ecuador; while the CAFTA is conformed of The United States, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Dominican Republic and Costa Rica. The main concern in regards to globalization may not even be of an economic impact, but rather on of an ideological degree. The Nicaraguan populations view on globalization is of a loss of national pride, as if the United States would take over the countrys economy; which to some extent is true. The ideological conflict, however, stands on whether to be a nationalist, a socialist or a capitalist. Nicaraguas preferences must be examined in order to determine if globalization will have an effect in the Nicaraguan economy. Nicaragua has a long history of corruption that can be traced back to the 1930s with the Somoza dynasty, and can then be followed along the list of Somoza family members onto the Sandinista Mandate and then into the 21st century with the newly elected â€Å"liberal parties†. It is important to recognize Nicaraguas background in order to determine if Globalization will benefit or harm the economy. In order to truly define the â€Å"sort† of globalization that suits Nicaragua best, a definitely structured definition must be established, as â€Å"globalization† is wide in the range of it meaning. Definition of Globalization The definition of globalization can be branched into three main concepts. The first of the concepts can be referred to as the â€Å"broad† point of view, in which globalization is interpreted without inclinations towards the foreign or domestic perspectives. In this notion, we call â€Å"globalization† when a company or multi-national industry invests capital in a usually underdeveloped economy such as Nicaragua. The other two perspectives stray apart when the question of â€Å"why would the companies invest in underdeveloped countries?† is asked. The â€Å"Imperialist† perspective bases itself on the moral principal of stimulating under developed countrys economies. In this lay out, a corporation such as Nike sets out a factory in the under developed country in order to provide jobs for the grand unemployed population. By providing such work, the corporation is thus permitted to pay low fees to its new employees. If a company does not wish to set up a factory in a new location, they can still enter the local markets through Commerce treaties. In Nicaragua there are two possible treaties, the CAFTA (Central America Free Trade Agreement) and the ALBA (Alternativa Bolivariana), the CAFTA being the most suitable, as it permits United States owned companies to compete in local markets. Taking the Imperialist point of view, the local population is given new choices in the market from which to buy from, choices that are sometimes less expensive and thus more economically feasible for a greater part of the population. The â€Å"Anti-imperialist† perspective, otherwise known as the down side to globalization, regards globalization as â€Å"Economic terrorism†. This point of view focuses on the injustices that these corporations bring upon the under developed countries. The first injustice is the claim that these companies pay a misery of a fee to the employees thus only keeping them busy instead of â€Å"feeding them†, reason for why this low pay condition is usually referred to as a â€Å"Sweat-Shops†. The most impacting injustice would be the fact that these corporations are allowed to compete in local markets. The reason for this claim is that the foreign companies offer products of a cheaper nature, and therefore encourage the local merchants to buy foreign products instead of local ones. Once the local products are not consumed, the national domestic companies thus run out of business placing people out of work. The only form of globalization encouraged in Nicaragua, is one through the ALBA agreement, as the conditions in this treaty are of Self-Growth concepts between allied Latin American countries Venezuela, Bolivia, and Nicaragua. Nicaraguas Economic Background during the Somoza era and the Sandinistas. In the 1936, the Nicaraguan population elected Anastasio Somoza Garcia to power. At this moment, the Nicaraguan economy is on the rise. The main exports were cattle and coffee, settling Nicaragua as one of the richest countries of Central America in the first half of the 20th century. Somoza Garcia, however set Nicaraguas faith by providing the United States with raw materials during World War Two for the Allied war effort. This close association with the United States set the Nicaraguas economical and political dependence to the will of the United States. During his presidency; however, he did not increase the Nicaraguan Economy to a significant degree, instead hes main dedication was of a personal extent. Somoza Garcias tactics consisted of diverting government funds to his own accounts, and purchasing government lands at ridiculously low prices. While the Nicaraguan economy remained at a flat constant, Somoza Garcias personal Bank accounts were at an all time raise. During the wartime, he attained numerous facilities to which income was due, facilities such as a cement factory, the national railroad, a cement factory, most textile plants, several electric power companies, the national airlines, and an extensive control over the banks. His personal income, after World War Two, was estimated to have been of 60 million dollars. After Somoza Garcias death in 1956, his younger son Anastasio Somoza Debayle took control of the presidency and succeeds his father in power. A few years later, after a rigged election, Luis Somoza Debayle, Anastasio Somozas older son, took control of the Nicaraguan presidency. During Luis Somozas presidency, the Nicaraguan economy was hit with a drop in Coffee production, as now the competitions for their main product had been expanded onto other locations and were purchased at even lower prices, causing Nicaragua to drop prices as well. It wasnt the coffee drop, however, that caused many grievances to the Nicaraguan Economy, it was the 1972 Earthquake that caused $15 million in damages. Richard Nixon, however, aided the Nicaraguan government with a donation of $50 million. The Nicaraguan Treasury only reported $17 million of that donation, while the other $33 million was believed to be in Luis Somozas personal bank accounts abroad. It was until 1980 that the Somoza dynasty was replaced by another sort of mandate, a leftist government. In 1980, the United States lifted its â€Å"protective shield† over the Somoza family and allowed internal social conflicts to rise out of control. Luis Somoza was then pressured by the United States to leave Nicaragua with the threat of freezing bank accounts that were located in United States banks. The country was therefore left in the hands of the Revolutionary party F.S.L.N (Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional, which is translated to â€Å"Sandinista Front, for National Liberation†), which was commanded by Daniel Ortega. At the moment the F.S.L.N gained presidential authorities, the economic situation had an incredible deficit as major loans were issued from the World Bank. The F.S.L.N, or the Sandinista party for short, did not play a significant role for the Nicaraguan Economy, as their main intentions remained to â€Å"restore the social injustice†. Governmental and private lands were both confiscated and given to the Nicaraguan population as a sort of Land Reform. Not all the land was given to â€Å"the people†, most of it was kept by the high ranking officers such as Daniel Ortega, his brother Humberto Ortega, his right-hand man Tomas Borge and several other Sandinista generals. The countrys economic status dropped from being one of the richest countries in Central America, to being the poorest in the American Hemisphere, preceding only Haiti on the list. It is said by the Director of the Nicaraguan Economic Institute during the 1980s, father Xabier Golostiaga, that â€Å"the Sandinista government, when they took power, found a country with no financial resources†, and also stated that only 3.5 million dollars were found from the 19 banks that were nationalized; however, according Father Golostiaga, Nicaragua inherited a debt of $1.6 billion dollars, while more than half of that money was never used on the Nicaraguan grounds. Even though the Sandinista government is still regarded as a group of â€Å"bandits† in Nicaragua, they did relieve a great percentage of the external debt that Nicaragua had attained during the Somoza dynasty. At the beginning of the Sandinista mandate, influences shifted from the United States the Soviet Union. Nicaragua would engage in trade with the USSR instead of the United States, as the United States had placed Nicaragua in a sort of Financial Boycott. Once the Cold War was over, and ties with the USSR started to shed, the Sandinista government seemed to lose its grasp over the governmental panorama. In 1990, the Sandinista government accepted elections to go forth, losing to candidate Violeta Barrios de Chamarro of the U.N.O party (National Opposition Union). The Nicaraguan Economic panorama (between 1991 and 2007). In 1991, after the Nicaraguan Revolution and the decline of a communist dictatorship, finally, the first liberal government was established during the globalization era. The UNO mandate, cleared much of the economic rubble that the Sandinista dictatorship had left behind. During Violeta Barrioss presidency, she was denied compensation by the United States for damages during the â€Å"Contras† period. After this, donations from European countries were effected, as Nicaragua still remained the worlds second poorest country. It can be said that Nicaragua was institutionalized in a sort of rehabilitation for 7 years in order to get on its feet again. Seven years later, elections were carried out and the Nicaraguan , where people elected Arnoldo Aleman as president from the Liberal Constitutional Party (PLC). At this moment the economy was â€Å"up and running†; and was receiving donation from developed countries, receiving the most from Spain. Besides the flow of income, due to chronic corruption during his government, a 50 million dollar deficit was filed. Arnoldo Aleman had been diverting governmental funds to a private bank account in Switzerland and was arrested for corruption, and money laundry. Corruption had once again been in the hands of a single man. In 2001, Nicaragua saw yet another election, in which Arnoldos vice-president was elected president, president Enrique Bolanos. Nicaraguas economy suffered a stalemate, as president Bolanoss presidency served to â€Å"clean the corruption of the political panorama† and to pay off most of the debts that Nicaragua has inherited during the Sandinistas regime and the Somoza dynasty. The Economic effects of the ALBA and the CAFTA agreements. The CAFTA and the ALBA treaties share similarities within their texts; however, both treaties are approached from different perspectives. The ALBA treaty, is not just considered a treaty, according to Hugo Chavez, it is a bond between Latin American countries, and as Chavez stated: â€Å"Latin America will save itself alone†. So far, there are only 5 members to the ALBA treaty, which members are: Cuba, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Bolivia and Venezuela. The CAFTA on the other hand is seen as simply a â€Å"treaty† between the United States and Central America and the Dominican Republic. This approach by the United States has â€Å"scared off† most of the trust among the population, as it suits the symptoms of an economically manipulative doctrine. The points of the CAFTA are expressed as follows: President Hugo Chà ¡vez in his intervention in ALADI has summarized the principals ALBA as the following topics: 1. To promote the fight against the poverty 2. To preserve the autonomy and Latin American identity 3. The transference of technology, the technical assistance 4. The formation of human resources 5. To prioritize national companies us public beings suppliers 6. The agreements could not be obstacle to the diffusion of the scientific and technological progress 7. To face the abuse of the monopolies and oligopolies through effective mechanisms that assure fare competition 8. The foreign investors will not be able to demand the countries by the handling of state monopolies of public interest 9. Treatment special and differentiated to unequal economies to open opportunities to the weakest 10. Process of wide social participation, which can be characterized like democratic 11. Economic, social, cultural and civil rights should be interdependent, indivisible and can not be waived 12. The commercial interests of the investors will not be able to have supremacy over the human rights or over the sovereignty of the States 13. Creation of founds of structural convergence for the correction of asymmetries The different definitions of Globalization must be kept aside when comparing the ALBA and CAFTA, as the goal of a foreign agreement is to aid Nicaraguas economy regardless of ideological opinion. The CAFTA is regarded as the treaty that puts forth the â€Å"Americanization† of a country, as on the contrary, the ALBA encourages Nationalistic growth. The CAFTA agreement encourages United States corporations into investing their capital in underdeveloped countries in exchange for tax liberation, lower employee costs, and a guarantee in case of corporate loss due to a social instability. The preamble of such documents states: â€Å"The CAFTA is designed to eliminate tariffs and trade barriers and expand regional opportunities for the workers, manufacturers, consumers, farmers, ranchers and service providers of all the countries.† The CAFTA, however, interferes with the local market thus damaging the economy anyway, as the bankrupted domestic companies are fully taxed and pay proper salaries to their employees, when I the other hand the foreign corporations pay miserable fees and when in regard to domestic re-investment, the it is unclear of how much of the companys profits are to be invested. Nicaragua has approved the CAFTA; however it has not been publicly accepted, as in Nicaragua, the CAFTA can be understood in the context of a US strategy to divide opposition in negotiations for other larger trade agreements. Instead of aiding US companies, the objective of the ALBA agreement is to promote cooperation and collective development of the region with an emphasis on fighting poverty and social exclusion. The general feel of the can be appreciated in Venezuelan president Hugo Chavezs opening remark at the United Nations: ALBA is not an agreement of the elite. ALBA is born from down below, from the grassroots of the population, without the people no union would be possible and that is one of the criticisms that we have always made of other integration efforts. The objective is not necessarily to maintain high economic statistics or attract investment, but rather to benefit our populations, so that they have health care, education, jobs, and so they can get out of poverty. Another factor about the ALBA and the CAFTA that must be kept in mind is the alignment is the political alignment that Nicaragua maintains of a socio-democratic regime that owes alliances to Venezuela and Cuba, as the Sandinista party owed much of their existence to Cuba during the Cold War. Due to these populist tendencies, it could be said that, the ALBA is the more appropriate treaty to sign. Socio-Economic Perspective of Globalization It is of public knowledge in Nicaragua that most of the populations regard Globalization as â€Å"not welcome†. The socio-economic perspective of Globalization can be seen from two lights the rural and the industrial perspectives. The rural perspective of globalization can be expressed as the lower classs point of view, while the industrial would affect the middle and upper classes. In short, both of these perspectives contain the entire range of the Nicaraguan society. The people that constitute the rural perspective, also known as the Nicaraguan Farmers, do not welcome globalization because of the economic impact that it will cause society. For most farmers in the outskirts of Managua and on the borders of the country, the prices set by the CAFTA are below the prices they have been used to deal with, meaning that there will be an economic impact for that sector of society. The rural branch of society represents about 70% of the Nicaraguan population, meaning that to off-set an economic pendulum from this side will affect the countrys economy greatly. The industrial perspective of the socio-economic side to globalism might actually benefit from the â€Å"no tariff† agreements as machinery and foreign goods might be less expensive to ship in, and national products will be easier to export. The industrial sector of Nicaragua can be said to constitute by 30% of the population, however, even though it is a minority in regards to the rural sector, the industrial sector represents about 50% of the Gross domestic Product in Nicaragua. The choice between which treaty to chose seems to be the more difficult question as the ALBA benefits the rural sector with its standard wages, while the CAFTA would cause a significant impact in the economy. The industrial sector on the other hand would benefit from both the CAFTA and the ALBA, as the free commerce agreement of â€Å"no tariffs† would mean that the import export of Nicaragua will of a wider range. The issue in mind however, remains on the ideological alignment concern. The rural sector of the Nicaraguan population belongs to a new mix of ideologies, a mix of neo-socialistic liberalism, where a sense of national pride and populism makes the number one goal to push on the Nicaraguan economy. The CAFTA is not appreciated in this perspective as it is seen as an agreement that binds Nicaragua to the will of the United States prices and tariffs, therefore permitting the Unites States to have a sort of control over the Nicaraguan Economy. Nicaragua has already felt the United States economical grasp in the 1970s during the Sandinista government, where the United States employed a boycott on Nicaragua. The sense of resentment has not left the Nicaraguan panorama yet, which means it might take a long time for the CAFTA to be approved by the population. The ALBA in the other hand, is more widely accepted as it involves direct proposals by Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez. In current times, Nicaragua has approved both the CAFTA and the ALBA, the differences, however, are only visible in regards to the material â€Å"gifts† provided by Hugo Chavez. On the Economical perspective, both the ALBA and the CAFTA have not made and impact. Both treaties have rendered the Nicaraguan economy with the same Gros Domestic Product than the year before their signing. Conclusion Nicaragua has been a signatory of the CAFTA for over 3 years now and has also been a signatory of the ALBA treaty for over 1 year now; however both these treaties have not saved Nicaragua from the enormous deficit that it faces. In conclusion, it can be said that Globalization will have an impact in the Nicaraguan Economy in the long-run; however, in regards to Globalism of the Socio-democratic sphere, the Latin American countries should remain united and try to roll back influences from the United States in order to be financially dependent on its own. Nicaragua needs to be financially independent, however, in its current economical state; it cannot stand on its own two feet, which means it should have the temporary support of a greater power. The choices are obviously dived between the CAFTA and the ALBA, which are obviously a reflection of the United States and Venezuela. In the wider-picture, the choice between the ALBA and the CAFTA is the choice between Capitalist democracy and a socio-Populist democracy. The relationship between Nicaragua and the United States has not been as strong as the 1930s in the time of Anastasio Somoza Garcia. The constant intervention from the United States in Nicaragua has rendered a sense of mistrust. In actuality, the CAFTA seems like another brick to the wide and high wall that the United States has been building over Latin America, the first brick being the Monroe Doctrine, which guaranteed the United States right to intervene in any Central American nation if its freedom was being threatened. Even though Nicaragua is a signatory of both the ALBA and CAFTA treaties, so far the ALBA has aided the Nicaraguan economy more than the CAFTA, due to the multiple â€Å"gifts† given by Hugo Chavez to the Republic of Nicaragua, gifts such as Oil Plants. The bottom line, nevertheless, stays the same; Globalization will have an increasing effect on the Nicaraguan economy. Bibliography http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/CAFTA/CAFTADR_Final_Texts/Section_Index.html http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/2360 Ministro de Estado de Venezuela para la Bancoex, Integracià ³n y Comercio Exterior http://www.globalization101.org/What_is_Globalization.html http://www.newdream.org/consumer/globalization.php http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9212.html

Irrigating Crops With Seawater :: Freshwater Essays

Brown J. Jed, Glenn Edward P., and O’Leary James W. 1998. Irrigating Crops with Seawater. Scientific American. Irrigating Crops with Seawater'; talks about the global problem of finding enough water and land for the world’s population to survive. An estimated 494.2 million acres of cropland is needed just to feed the tropics and subtropics for the next 30 years. However, only close to 200 million acres are available. Therefore, new sources of water and land are needed to grow crops. The writers of this article have been testing the prospect of using seawater in agriculture. This seawater agriculture is when salt-tolerant crops are grown using ocean water for irrigation. Desert areas take up 43% of the surface of the earth and this new agriculture technique can be done in deserts. Hugo Boyko and Elisabeth Boyko first used seawater agriculture after World War II. Many different crops have been tested such as barley and the date palm. The writers of this article however have been testing halophytes, which, is a salt-tolerant plant that can be used for food, forage and oilseed crops. They f irst gathered several hundred halophytes and began testing these plants in the desert of Puerto Peà ±asco. They irrigated the plants daily by flooding the fields with seawater from the Gulf of California. The best halophytes produced roughly the yield of alfalfa using freshwater irrigation. In order to show that these halophytes could replace other crops for use they tested to see if the crops could feed livestock. The halophytes have protein and carbohydrates but they contain too much salt. This limits the amount an animal can eat and dilutes the nutritional value. Therefore, the authors decided to use the halophytes as part of a mixed diet for the livestock. The animals’ meat taste was not affected, but the animals eating the halophyte-mixed diet drank more water and produced 10 percent less meat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This new agriculture method has many advantages too. First, it is cheaper to pump the seawater than to pump freshwater. In addition, seawater irrigation does not require any special equipment. The same fields have been irrigated for 10 years with no water buildup or salts in the root zone. Finally, installing the seawater irrigation will not disrupt the ecosystems as much because they are installed on barren or almost barren areas. There are also some disadvantages to irrigating crops with seawater. First, a large quantity of high-salt drainage water that will contain unused fertilizer will be discharged back into the sea.

Fire Imagery in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essays -- Charlotte Bront

Fire Imagery in Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre Incomplete Works Cited The prevalence of fire imagery and it's multitude of metaphoric uses in Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre expresses two things that could not be expressed openly in the Victorian Period, which are mainly passion and sexuality. Brontes writing was dictated by the morals of her society, but her ideas were not. Jane Eyre was written with the Victorian reader in mind. Bronte knew that if she were to write about these two things directly she would have to face possible rejection of her book. A resolution to this dilemma was to awaken the audience in a way that society deemed not only respectable, but also acceptable. So Bronte creates Jane, and Jane becomes the embodiment of these morals. She takes Victorian psychology of passion on as her own. The psychology of passion then becomes the novel's most dominant theme. Throughout Jane Eyre, passion becomes centrally focused on self-control, female sexuality, and its relationship to Bertha's insanity as images of fire. Jane Eyre's images of fire bring to the forefront the contradictions that Victorian women faced in fulfilling their passionate needs and while maintaining self-control. Jane is confronted with the duality of freeing herself from the constraints of society and her fears of releasing the consuming energy of her sexuality. Jane keeps these feelings and passions in stringent check because she does not want to give in to the fires she feels inside, but is always struggling to do so. David Lodge says this eloquently, "the heat emanates from a source of passionate love, not of vengeance, and the possibility of being consumed by it is as seductive as it is terrifying" (128). Jane thus creates fire and uses this ... ...'s eyes. Through the destruction of Bertha, Jane is able to come to terms with her idea of self-consuming passion. Berth's death was the liberating factor for Jane. It was the release of the suppressed passions that were dwelling inside her. The fires that Jane speaks after the reuniting of her and Rochester are of warmth and happiness. Jane says: "Can you tell when there is a good fire?," which is telling of the fact that she feels the fires inside are of a good nature now. The fires that represent the passions of the characters in the novel have great significance in Victorian society. Bronte knew this and added to it social commentary on passion and sexuality in one of the most ingenious books of its time, Jane Eyre. Works Cited: Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. London, Penguin Books Ltd.: 1996. (Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Mason).

Burger King Case Study Essay

Burger King or McDonalds? In the United States, these two companies equally compete for consumers. Americans usually favor one company over the other or just choose to eat at whichever is more convenient to them. For the American people, Burger King is as common of a household name as McDonalds. However, in Japan, the Burger King brand is one that is not very well known. Burger King has been trying to tap into the Japanese market for some time now. McDonalds, KFC, and Pizza Hut are the leading fast food market chains as of today, but Burger King is trying to make it into this region of the world. With U.S. markets saturated, and the mad cow disease scare slowing sales of Burger King in Europe, it is so important for Burger King to saturate another market, Japan. Much research has been done to think of new and effective ways to penetrate the Japanese market through marketing. Our group of researchers have put together an in depth report on the issues within the marketing of Burger Kin g in Japan. They have discovered the main cause for this need in marketing and what needs to be done to solve Burger King’s marketing issues. Situation Analysis There are many differences between eastern and western culture regarding the restaurant industry. In Western Culture space is more easily attainable. It is easier for new companies to enter the market in the restaurant industry because it is more accepting of diversity. Food trends in this culture differ dramatically from eastern culture. In the western culture, significance of food is not greatly valued and is offered in access creating more waste. The western culture is vast and heterogeneous. Many cultures are accepted creating a vast variety of fusion food sold here in the west culture. In restaurants a bigger variety of different food can be found on the menu. In the Eastern culture, food defines the culture. Each country has it’s own unique and cultural dishes that signifies the past. The middle easts favorite top meat ingredient is lamb and it is substituted for beef. Also most of the Middle East is Islamic so that means that many of the of their dietary rules are obser ved because of religious factors. In Asia, food and culture is divided into three main regions: southwest (India), southeast (Vietnam) and northeast (Japan). India uses more vegetarian ingredients such as beans, rice, and spices. Vietnam focuses on stir-frying, steaming, or  boiling when preparing their food. In Japan, many use the spices they used for their for religious ceremonies. Also in Japan, space is very limited due to overpopulation of people. The Japanese market is maxed out making it very challenging for new companies such as restaurants to enter the restaurant industry. To the Japanese consumer, the significance of food is valued and they feel it is important to not waste it. The norm of their culture is to conserve and not let anything go to waste. Food is offered in small portions for this particular reason. Japan has a very homogeneous culture. They are set in the ways that they do things and don’t deviate from their way of life. In Japan’s restaurant industry, it is more common to see rice and vegetables on the menu. In the case study one of the reasons why Burger King is unsuccessful in Japan is because they are trying to push western culture in an eastern market. Burger King doesn’t understand that they have to tailor their menu to meet the needs of the eastern pallet. They are not offering the foods that appeal to the people of Japan. There are number of other reasons why BK has not become successful in Japan: Weak advertising. Upon researching commercials for Burger King in Japan, it is apparent that their advertising doesn’t appeal to their consumer market. Forcing higher prices than their competitor (McDonalds). McDonalds has been established for more than 25 years and is the most popular hamburger restaurant. Most consumers are price conscious There is no market place for them because they haven’t completely established their brand. BK in Japan does not look like they have established any goals as to how they want to present their brand No differentiation among competitors They haven’t fully achieved brand recognition They’re trying to be an upscale restaurant which doesn’t fit the market. Targeted market is too narrow only catering to a younger crowd They need to reach out to the older population.  The cost of having flame broil grills is not cost effective.  BK is hiding the most unique characteristics because it’s too expensive to build it in front of the restaurant. The budget promotion costs are being  overlooked while opening too many stores. BK is just wants to try to take over the competitor market when in reality they are failing. Problem Definition The problem with Japan is brand image. Burger King wants to expand without building a brand that the Japanese consumers are willing to spend extra money for a burger. Analysis of Alternatives Focus on â€Å"freshness† Burger King has stated that its main focus is producing traditional burgers. Instead of the typical two pickles and some ketchup, focus on the nutritional value such as fresh lettuce, tomatoes, onions, and pickles. Fix branding image Differentiate themselves as a more upscale restaurant A example, better training of the staff and cleaner facilities. This may avoid burger wars. Appeal to younger generation Studies have shown that the younger generation is willing to spend more money on nice things. Burger King should try to target this market by becoming an upscale burger restaurant. Also, anime commercials may attract a younger crowd. Place flame broiled grills in front of store. With the gas restrictions are becoming more lenient, having customers visibly see how burgers are made will attract more customers and provide free advertisement just by word of mouth. Attract customers by smell. Venting the exhaust from the grill will release the smell of burgers cooking into the public. This could reach the customers 5 sense of smell, touch, see, taste, and hear. All of this elements could attract more customers to a delicious flame broiled Whopper. Continue integrating Burger King into existing stores Building â€Å"stand-alone† restaurants is expensive. By adding small restaurants into high traffic areas (train/gas stations) it will be a great selling location because of the high volume of customers stopping and waiting. Also, land is so scarce in Japan, partnering will help minimize costs and provides  a definite location for the restaurant. Adding Japanese influence into store. May become more relatable to the culture so customers will be dining in a comfortable environment. Sponsor shows Sponsor physical challenge show comparable to MXC (Most Extreme Elimination). Making the obstacle courses resemble Burger King. Example: have some customers jump on Whoppers or placing the Burger King Emblem to help positively advertise working out with burgers. Themes in restaurant The rock and roll theme is creative but the drawbacks are that they’ll only be known as the rock and roll themed restaurant. A Burger King could be known as a themed restaurant by having different themes in each restaurant. One themed restaurant can have revolving carts where the consumers can sit down and just pick their order off a conveyor belt right by their table. Recommendation Top Recommendation Ranking 1. Fixing brand image 2. Promote freshness of ingredients 3. Adding flame broil grills in front of restaurants 4. Integrate Burger King into existing stores such as gas station or train station 5. Focus on Millennial demographic 6. Promote Japanese culture in restaurants 7. Spend more on promotional advertising 8. Attract customers by smell 9. Sponsor Shows 10. Theme in different restaurants SWOT Analysis During the research it can be said that Burger King in Japan is trying their best to become a real competitor in the fast food industry. I believe that Burger King has the ability to succeed if only better decisions are made. It is evident that many BK restaurants are being developed in a rapid amount of  time. A Japanese proverb â€Å"wishing to eat the fugu, but wishing to live too† states that â€Å"Fugu is a delicious fish which has a poison in it which leads to death if eaten, so in order to eat it has to be prepared by a skillful cook who knows how to properly get rid of the poison. This proverb illustrates situation when there is a bit of risk in taking the action and expresses concern about the outcome†. In all seriousness, it is a risk to rapidly open BK restaurants without the concern of not reaching its potential goal of succeeding. Burger King Japan needs to sit down and focus on how they want to show the consumer what the BK industry is about. Next, corpo rate should consider thinking outside of the box and adding more cultural options instead of buns and beef. I have discovered that a black bun burger â€Å"Kuno Burger† has made it’s way to Japan. Further research on the success needs to be analyzed. Did the consumers like it? Did they know it existed? How did you advertise the sandwich? What will happen if you add rice dishes on the menu? Or fish sandwiches? Also, I believe a way to help Burger King find its target market is by asking individuals what they would like to see, taste, hear, smell, and touch. Maybe have more events and a taste testing between two competing burger restaurants. One target market can be tourists visiting Japan. Some tourists are thrilled to see that their comfort zone is all of a sudden changed because of cultural influences. McDonalds has successfully changed its menu to fit more of the consumer needs which has proved to be the top restaurant to beat. Burger King needs to be more aware of their tactics and build a better team to figure out how to attend to all customers from all around the world (whether the want something familiar or something new). In conclusion, Burger King has to reconsider its standpoint in Japan. It has proved to establish itself successfully in other countries. In the maxed out market economy of Japan, Burger King can has potential to grow. Corporate needs to band together to better figure out the brand image before expanding itself too thin.

European wars of religion Essay

The 14th century was an era of great crisis for Europe; disorder in the Catholic Church rattled people’s faith in authorities and religion. In this dark period, Europeans desired a new start, or in other words a cultural rebirth. This cultural rebirth was named † The Renaissance† which gives meaning in French â€Å"rebirth† The people who gave this name also thought there was a clear distinction between Dark Ages and their century. They coined the terms â€Å"modern† and â€Å"ancient† and saw Middle Ages as a long break from enlightenment. In addition to that, according to the City University of New York at Brooklyn, â€Å"immense hunger for learning about classical antiquity was reborn† after the Middle Ages.* During the Middle Ages, there was a mentality that individuals should devote their lives to the church above everything. In that time education was exclusively based on religion. Many scholars were fixated on the idea that faith was more important than mind and reasoning. This situation changed when Renaissance thinkers split from medieval tradition and emphasized individual experience and materialistic approach to life instead of religious duties. This philosophy emerged due to Italians exploration and revision of the ancient Roman and Greek texts and scriptures partly because they were surrounded by the remnants of Roman Empire and they have noticed the disastrous place Western culture has landed on. They greatly expanded the ancient works and innovated new ideas. Intellectual people such as writers, sculptors, architects were valued in the society, unlike Middle Age times. There was now a new worldview called humanism which valued human beings and brought attention to the human ma gnificence in both physical and mental areas. Humanism also brought increased enthusiasm in exploring things and quest of knowledge. Renaissance intellectuals at the time were in awe of these fresh ideas. Almost every institution saw great changes and secular arrangements. Education saw improvements. Pupils were now separated by their age and skills. Art now was interested in human proportions and realistic aspects. There was still some religious paintings but Renaissance artist mostly drew from and inspired by real life. With printing press’s invention by Johannes Gutenberg allowed for far-reaching access to important secular books and literature and most importantly Bible. It became normal for common people to read and think in their own language. This meant vernacular-meaning their mother tongue- literature aided with the spread of humanistic ideas beyond intellectuals of the time. Writers like Petrarch and Dante wrote in Italian and believed everyone should be able to read in their languages. Scientists also began to value observation over religious teachings and viewed everything with skepticism. They examined their theories by evidence. Even sometimes some scientists like Galileo Galilei gathered enough courage to speak out against the Church. But Renaissance didn’t exclusively mean separation from religion altogether, rather abandoning old Middle Age values and bringing new insights to the human perception of life, art, and everything. Rhetoric was born as a consequence of this. Renaissance was possible thanks to the recovery of Roman and Greek literature by scholars of that time. Latin was also used that time but it was more academic and monkish. Upon revisiting Latin texts in a more secular view people began to shift their consciousness and appreciate ancient culture. They thought they were alike in a worldly sense. They believed they had the same delicacy over important matters and they both believed in the humanities power to tackle everything. Then they started to study Greek which inspired Romans. The Greek manuscripts were present in Italy because during the fall of Constantinople many Christian scholars fled to Rome. They brought tales of Homer and many other important books. This spur philosophical inquiries. These maniscruptures made people start thinking about virtues of the human soul. They were also interested in the usage of language its effects itself. Historian Bruni once said â€Å"knowledge alone is not enough, we must add the power of exp ression to make effectual use of what we know† implying rhetoric. Ancient writings had the other function too. They offered practical teachings about life. They consisted of not theological but moral grounds with given answers secular in nature. This was at its most basic, a belief in the identity of the human spirit under its all epiphanies. They found that in classical texts there existed an ideal of human life, both moral and intellectual, by which they can profit now. During the Renaissance period, people’s views on mankind changed drastically. Before this era scholars were generally speaking with a single voice praising a similar human type which was frail, poor, withdrawn from life, quiet and needy. With Renaissance, the focus on God and religion as the main character shifted to human himself. During this era, art showed people as god-like creatures who were in their perfect shape. This made people feel graceful and beautiful in a sense that made them proud of themselves. For example, Leonardo Da Vinci’s painting Mona Lisa was done to portray the human beauty and inner mystery in realistic ways. There was also inclination for wealth accumulation and striving for better living conditions. Involvement with everyday life and taking care of themselves was becoming the norm. Public duties for common men were often overlooked and praising of extraordinary men with dreamable qualities was taking place. The goal was the manifestation of hu mans unique powers and showing their ability to steer their circumstances using willpower. Their destiny was not up to some higher being rather people with their own being paving their way to achieving the maximum of everything they get their hands on. Individuality was welcomed and people realized they were different on the inside than everyone else and made sense of themselves in the universe and complicated social structures. This obsession with humans can be even seen in almost every art branch of the time. Instead of focusing on traditional illustrations of religious symbols, artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo painted the human frame in every depth possible. With the help of anatomy, they tried to illustrate perfect detail, scale, and dimension. Also to improve upon their realistic values they relied heavily on depth and texture.* Space in their paintings was used to indicate a moving and vivid world with real human beings living ground. They used earthly, meaning tangible, objects to portray a realistic background. While earlier paintings had been 2d objects against white backgrounds and combined many scenes in one painting, Renaissance paintings focused on one particular scene or moment in time in a 3d realistic view like some scenery was localized and frozen in particular time and place. This enabled viewer to enter that artwork. Painters of the Renaissance researched perspective and cre ating the illusion of a three-dimensional area. Art was objectified so every human looking at it can perceive some unchangeable truths about it. It was solidified for the sake of realistic proportions. Artworks represented human as not symbolic or imitation of one another but with their distinct personalities. Architecture and design of most of the constructions had symmetry and ratio to it now. Buildings were built in regarding their luxury and accessibility to aid human use and show off human greatness. Sculptures were made in 3d scale so humans could see it from every direction* Donatello, for example, carved his statues that were meant to stand alone, and be viewed from every angle.* And David created his most well-known sculpture that has the form of the idealistic human body that draws the focus on the individual. In conclusion with Renaissance, Europe, in general, saw a revival of thought, reshaping and secularising every human activity with the wisdom of ancient civilizations and put everything in a realistic, rationalistic foundation. It established human as the center of the universe and found its wonders in this creature. It would change the course of the world for generations to come.